All Issue

2026 Vol.35, Issue 5 Preview Page

Article Review

A Review on Hydrometallurgical Leaching Kinetics of Zinc-Bearing Industrial By-Products

아연 함유 산업부산물의 습식 침출 반응속도론 고찰

Dae-Weon Kim1*
,
Hee-Seon Kim1
김 대원1*
,
김 희선1
1Materials and Components Research Division, Institute for Advanced Engineering, 175-28, Goan-ro 51beon-gil, Baegam-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17180, Republic of Korea
1고등기술연구원 소재부품연구본부
*Corresponding Author
31 October 2026. pp. 25-48
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

Zinc-bearing industrial byproducts, including electric arc furnace dust, zinc smelting dust, and zinc plant leach residues, exhibit complex hydrometallurgical leaching behaviors because Zn and Fe coexist in multiple mineral phases. Free ZnO is generally leached rapidly, whereas zinc ferrite acts as the major refractory phase and strongly governs the overall leaching rate and rate-controlling step. This review systematically summarizes kinetic studies on the hydrometallurgical leaching of Zn-bearing industrial byproducts, with an emphasis on feed characteristics, solution systems, reaction mechanisms, and the application of the shrinking-core model and its extended models. In addition, interpretations of the apparent activation energy and reaction order are critically discussed. Surface chemical reaction control, product layer diffusion control, and mixed control have been reported in acidic leaching systems, mainly depending on the relative proportions of ZnO and ZnFe2O4, residue structure, and Fe dissolution/reprecipitation behavior. Alkaline systems facilitate selective dissolution of free ZnO, but the ferrite-rich fraction often remains as a poorly reactive residue, limiting total zinc recovery. Recent studies have further indicated the increasing use of mixed acid, organic acid, ultrasound-assisted, and pretreatment-coupled systems in which mixed control interpretations are typically more appropriate than single-step shrinking-core model fitting. Because real industrial byproducts are multiphase, porous, agglomerated, and structurally heterogeneous, classical kinetic models may oversimplify the actual system. Therefore, reliable kinetic interpretation requires an integrated analysis combining model fitting, activation energy calculation, residual analysis, and phase/structural characterization. Future research should focus on phase-resolved mechanisms, in situ/operando analysis, multi-mechanism modeling, data-driven prediction, and scale-up-oriented reactor interpretation.

Keywords
Zinc-Bearing Industrial By-Products
Zinc Ferrite
Hydrometallurgical Leaching
Leaching Kinetics
Activation Energy

아연 함유 산업부산물은 전기로 분진, 아연 소광 분진, 아연 제련 잔사 등 다양한 형태로 발생하며, 아연과 철이 복합 상으로 공존하여 습식 침출 거동이 복잡하게 나타난다. 특히 자유 산화아연은 비교적 빠르게 용해되는 반면, 아연페라이트는 대표적인 난용상으로 작용하여 전체 반응속도와 지배 단계를 결정하는 핵심 인자이다. 본 논문은 아연 함유 산업부산물의 습식 침출 반응속도론 연구를 대상으로, 시료 특성, 용액계, 반응 메커니즘, 수축핵 모델 및 확장 모델의 적용 사례를 체계적으로 정리하고, 활성화에너지와 반응차수 해석의 한계를 비판적으로 고찰하였다. 문헌 분석 결과, 산성 침출계에서는 표면 화학 반응 지배, 생성층 확산 지배, 혼합 지배가 모두 보고되었으며, 이는 시료 내 산화아연과 아연페라이트의 상대적 분율, 철의 재침전, 생성층 형성 여부에 크게 좌우된다. 알칼리 침출계는 자유 산화아연의 선택적 용출에 유리하지만 페라이트 우세 분율이 잔류하여 전체 반응이 조기에 정체되는 경우가 많았고, 최근에는 유기산·초음파·전처리 연계 공정을 포함한 복합 시스템에서 혼합 지배 해석이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 산업부산물은 다상성, 다공성, 응집성 및 입도 분포의 비이상성 때문에 단일 수축핵 모델식만으로 해석하기 어려우며, 비선형 회귀, 잔차 분석, 상 분석, 시간 분해 잔사 분석을 결합한 다면적 접근이 필요함을 확인하였다. 향후에는 상 기반 메커니즘 규명, 실시간 구조 분석, 다중 메커니즘 모델, 데이터 기반 예측 및 반응기 스케일업과 연계된 통합 연구가 필요하다.

키워드
아연 함유 산업부산물
아연페라이트
습식 침출
반응속도론
활성화에너지
References
1

Kim, D.W., Jin, Y.H., Kim, H.S., et al., 2026 : Review on recent research trends in zinc leaching and iron separation from zinc-containing industrial by-products using wet leaching processes, Resour. Recycl., 35(2), pp.3-21.

10.7844/kirr.2026.35.2.3
2

Duan, W., Dong, X., Gao, L., et al., 2025 : Zn recovery strategies from steelmaking dust: a comprehensive review, Sep. Purif. Technol., 378, pp.134694-134720.

10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134694
3

Pereira, A.C., Fonseca, R.B.C., Santos, J.R., 2025 : Steelmaking dust (EAF dust): composition, environmental challenges and advances in recovery technologies, Revista DELOS, 18, pp.1-31.

10.55905/rdelosv18.n70-011
4

Rudnik, E., 2025 : Hydrometallurgical treatment of EAF by-products for metal recovery: opportunities and challenges, Metals, 15, pp.914-946.

10.3390/met15080914
5

Kania, H., Saternus, M., 2023 : Evaluation and current state of primary and secondary zinc production-a review, Appl. Sci., 13, pp.2003-2025.

10.3390/app13032003
6

Xue, Y., Hao, X., Liu, X., et al., 2022 : Recovery of zinc and iron from steel mill dust-an overview of available technologies, Materials, 15, pp.4127-4144.

10.3390/ma1512412735744185PMC9228750
7

Lucheva, B., Iliev, P., Kazakova, N., et al., 2026 : Sulfuric acid leaching of zinc ferrite residue, Metalurgija, 65, pp.53-61.

10.64486/m.65.1.6
8

Wan, Y., Xin, C., Ding, W., et al., 2024 : Kinetics and mechanism of ultrasonic-enhanced mixed acid leaching of zinc from zinc-bearing dust, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 12, pp.113246-113259.

10.1016/j.jece.2024.113246
9

Zulkifili, F.S., Maarof, H.I., Nasuha, N., et al., 2022 : Leaching of electric arc furnace slag for selective recovery of iron: effect of temperature, H2SO4/HCl acid, and oxidant concentration, Pertanika J. Sci. Technol., 30, pp.2023-2032.

10.47836/pjst.30.3.14
10

Zheng, X., Li, S., Liu, B., et al., 2022 : A study on the mechanism and kinetics of ultrasound-enhanced sulfuric acid leaching for zinc extraction from zinc oxide dust, Materials, 15, pp.5969-5989.

10.3390/ma1517596936079349PMC9456758
11

Fan, Y., Liu, Y., Niu, L., et al., 2021 : Reductive leaching of indium from zinc-leached residue using galena as reductant, Miner. Eng., 163, pp.106777-106786.

10.1016/j.mineng.2021.106777
12

Borda, J., Torres, R., Lapidus, G., 2022 : Selective leaching of zinc and lead from electric arc furnace dust using citrate and H2SO4 solutions: a kinetic perspective, Rev. Mex. Ing. Quim., 21, pp.Cat2606-2616.

10.24275/rmiq/Cat2606
13

Borda, J., Torres, R., 2021 : Comparative study of selective zinc leaching from EAFD using carboxylic agents, Rev. Mex. Ing. Quim., 20, pp.389-398.

10.24275/rmiq/IA2022
14

Yildirim, H., Ateş, M., Turan, M.D., et al., 2020 : Selective iron dissolution from zinc plant residue, J. Mater. Electron. Devices, 4, pp.8-10.

15

Siame, M.C., Kaoma, J., Hlabangana, N., et al., 2019 : An attainable region approach for the recovery of iron and zinc from electric arc furnace dust, S. Afr. J. Chem. Eng., 27, pp.35-42.

10.1016/j.sajce.2018.12.002
16

Al-Makhadmeh, L.A., Batiha, M.A., Al-Harahssheh, M.S., et al., 2018 : The effectiveness of Zn leaching from EAFD using caustic soda, Water Air Soil Pollut., 229, pp.33-43.

10.1007/s11270-018-3694-4
17

Kim, D.W., Kim, H.S., Choi, H.L., 2026 : Comparative review of acid leaching kinetics in layered lithium-ion battery cathodes, Resour. Recycl., Resour. Recycl., 35(4), pp.3-29.

10.7844/kirr.2026.35.4.3
18

Balarini, J.C., Araújo, E.M.R., Coelho, F.E.B., et al., 2025 : Leaching kinetics of roasted zinc concentrate in sulfuric acid solutions, Observ. Econ. Latinoam., 23(11), pp.e12422-12448.

10.55905/oelv23n11-188
19

Gamutan, J., Koide, S., Sasaki, Y., et al., 2024 : Selective dissolution and kinetics of leaching zinc from lime treated electric arc furnace dust by alkaline media, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 12(1), pp.111789-111801.

10.1016/j.jece.2023.111789
20

Ferrier, R.J., Cai, L., Lin, Q., et al., 2016 : Models for apparent reaction kinetics in heap leaching: a new semi-empirical approach and its comparison to shrinking core and other particle-scale models, Hydrometallurgy, 166, pp.22-33.

10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.08.007
21

Erdem, M., Yurten, M., 2015 : Kinetics of Pb and Zn leaching from zinc plant residue by sodium hydroxide, J. Min. Metall. Sect. B-Metall., 51(1), pp.89-95.

10.2298/JMMB140503012E
22

Hollagh, A.R.E., Alamdari, E.K., Moradkhani, D., et al., 2013 : Kinetic analysis of isothermal leaching of zinc from zinc plant residue, Int. J. Nonferrous Metall., 2(1), pp.10-20.

10.4236/ijnm.2013.21002
23

Oustadakis, P., Tsakiridis, P.E., Katsiapi, A., et al., 2010 : Hydrometallurgical process for zinc recovery from electric arc furnace dust(EAFD) Part I: characterization and leaching by diluted sulphuric acid, J. Hazard. Mater., 179, pp.1-7.

10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.059
24

Leclerc, N., Meux, E., Lecuire, J.M., 2003 : Hydrometallurgical extraction of zinc from zinc ferrites, Hydrometallurgy, 70, pp.175-183.

10.1016/S0304-386X(03)00079-3
25

Park, K., Lee, Y., Seo, S.J., 2026 : Compositional review and recycling possibility of zinc in by-products and residues of zinc smelting, Resour. Recycl., 35(2), pp.22-29.

10.7844/kirr.2026.35.2.22
26

Yoon, J.H., Yoon, C.H., Sugimoto, H., et al., 2023 : A study on the resource recovery of Fe-clinker generated in the recycling process of electric arc furnace dust, Resour. Recycl., 32(1), pp.50-59.

10.7844/kirr.2023.32.1.50
27

Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Cui, K., et al., 2021 : Pyrometallurgical recovery of zinc and valuable metals from electric arc furnace dust; a review, J. Clean. Prod., 298, pp.126788-126811.

10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126788
28

Machado, J.G.M.S., Brehm, F.A., Moraes, C.A.M., et al., 2006 : Characterization study of electric arc furnace dust phases, Mater. Res., 9, pp.41-45.

10.1590/S1516-14392006000100009
29

Teo, Y.Y., Lee, H.S., 2019 : Improved hydrometallurgical extraction of zinc and iron from electric arc furnace(EAF) dust waste using hydrochloric acid, AIP Conf. Proc., 2157, pp.020017 .

10.1063/1.5126552
30

Teo, Y.Y., Lee, H.S., Low, Y.C., et al., 2018 : Hydrometallurgical extraction of zinc and iron from electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) using hydrochloric acid, J. Phys. Sci., 29, pp.49-54.

10.21315/jps2018.29.s3.6
31

Li, H.X., Wang, Y., Cang, D.Q., 2010 : Zinc leaching from electric arc furnace dust in alkaline medium, J. Cent. South Univ. Technol., 17(5), pp.967-971.

10.1007/s11771-010-0585-2
32

Havlik, T., Souza, B.V., Bernardes, A.M., et al., 2006 : Hydrometallurgical processing of carbon steel EAF dust, J. Hazard. Mater., B135, pp.311-318.

10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.067
33

Xu, Y., Xia, H., Liu, J., et al., 2025 : Recovery and enrichment of valuable metals from zinc oxide dust and mitigation of toxicity based on tartaric acid and hydrogen peroxide, Sep. Purif. Technol., 353, pp.128331-128348.

10.1016/j.seppur.2024.128331
34

Bin, L.I.A.O., Fupeng, L.I.U., 2023 : Extraction behavior of germanium in different leaching systems from zinc oxide dust, Nonferrous Met. Sci. Eng., 14(5), pp.597-605.

35

Seong, K.W., Kim, K.R., Cho, Y.H., 2002 : Thermodynamic and chemical behaviour of spinel compounds, Research Report KAERI/RR-2277/2002, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea.

36

Zhang, L., Wang, Y., Ke, Y., et al., 2024 : Facile and complete sulfuric acid leaching of zinc ferrite assisted by copper powder: leaching mechanism and kinetics investigation, Sep. Purif. Technol., 328, pp.125090-125100.

10.1016/j.seppur.2023.125090
37

Rudnik, E., 2020 : Recovery of zinc from steelmaking flue dust by hydrometallurgical route, Arch. Metall. Mater., 65, pp.601-608.

10.24425/amm.2020.132798
38

Zhang, F., Wei, C., Deng, Z., et al., 2016 : Reductive leaching of indium-bearing zinc residue in sulfuric acid using sphalerite concentrate as reductant, Hydrometallurgy, 161, pp.102-106.

10.1016/j.hydromet.2016.01.029
39

Alizadeh, R., Rashchi, F., Vahidi, E., 2011 : Recovery of zinc from leach residues with minimum iron dissolution using oxidative leaching, Waste Manag. Res., 29, pp.165-171.

10.1177/0734242X10372661
40

Trung, Z.H., Kukurugya, F., Takacova, Z., et al., 2011 : Acidic leaching both of zinc and iron from basic oxygen furnace sludge, J. Hazard. Mater., 192, pp.1100-1107.

10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.016
41

Langová, S., Matysek, D., 2010 : Zinc recovery from steel-making wastes by acid pressure leaching and hematite precipitation, Hydrometallurgy, 101, pp.171-173.

10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.01.003
42

Langová, S., Riplová, J., Vallová, S., 2007 : Atmospheric leaching of steel-making wastes and the precipitation of goethite from the ferric sulphate solution, Hydrometallurgy, 87, pp.157-162.

10.1016/j.hydromet.2007.03.002
43

Havlik, T., Turzakova, M., Stopic, S., et al., 2005 : Atmospheric leaching of EAF dust with diluted sulphuric acid, Hydrometallurgy, 77, pp.41-50.

10.1016/j.hydromet.2004.10.008
44

Halli, P., Hamuyuni, J., Revitzer, H., et al., 2017 : Selection of leaching media for metal dissolution from electric arc furnace dust, J. Clean. Prod., 164, pp.265-276.

10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.212
45

Langová, S., Leško, J., Matýsek, D., 2009 : Selective leaching of zinc from zinc ferrite with hydrochloric acid, Hydrometallurgy, 95, pp.179-182.

10.1016/j.hydromet.2008.05.040
46

Baik, D.S., Fray, D.J., 2000 : Recovery of zinc from electric-arc furnace dust by leaching with aqueous hydrochloric acid, plating of zinc and regeneration of electrolyte, Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. C, 109, pp.121-128.

10.1179/mpm.2000.109.3.121
47

Ghasemi, S.M.S., Azizi, A., 2018 : Alkaline leaching of lead and zinc by sodium hydroxide: kinetics modeling, J. Mater. Res. Technol., 7(2), pp.118-125.

10.1016/j.jmrt.2017.03.005
48

Palimaka, P., Pietrzyk, S., Stępień, M., et al., 2018 : Zinc recovery from steelmaking dust by hydrometallurgical methods, Metals, 8, pp.547-560.

10.3390/met8070547
49

Dutra, A.J.B., Paiva, P.R.P., Tavares, L.M., 2006 : Alkaline leaching of zinc from electric arc furnace steel dust, Miner. Eng., 19, pp.478-485.

10.1016/j.mineng.2005.08.013
50

Orhan, G., 2005 : Leaching and cementation of heavy metals from electric arc furnace dust in alkaline medium, Hydrometallurgy, 78, pp.236-245.

10.1016/j.hydromet.2005.03.002
51

Jarupisitthorn, C., Pimtong, T., Lothongkum, G., 2002 : Investigation of kinetics of zinc leaching from electric arc furnace dust by sodium hydroxide, Mater. Chem. Phys., 77, pp.531-535.

10.1016/S0254-0584(02)00119-0
52

Wang, H., Li, Y., Gao, J., et al., 2016 : A novel hydrothermal method for zinc extraction and separation from zinc ferrite and electric arc furnace dust, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater., 23, pp.146-154.

10.1007/s12613-016-1221-4
53

Steer, J.M., Griffiths, A.J., 2013 : Investigation of carboxylic acids and non-aqueous solvents for the selective leaching of zinc from blast furnace dust slurry, Hydrometallurgy, 140, pp.34-41.

10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.08.011
54

Leclerc, N., Meux, E., Lecuire, J.M., 2002 : Hydrometallurgical recovery of zinc and lead from electric arc furnace dust using mononitrilotriacetate anion and hexahydrated ferric chloride, J. Hazard. Mater., B91, pp.257-270.

10.1016/S0304-3894(01)00394-6
55

Popovič, Ľ., Raschman, P., Spišák, J., et al., 2020 : Generalized shrinking particle model of leaching: effect of the order of surface chemical reaction, liquid-to-solid ratio and non-ideal behaviour of the liquid phase, Hydrometallurgy, 196, pp.105441-105452.

10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105441
56

Sloman, B.M., Please, C.P., Van Gorder, R.A., 2019 : Homogenization of a shrinking core model for gas-solid reactions in granular particles, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 79, pp.177-206.

10.1137/17M1159634
57

Gbor, P.K., Jia, C.Q., 2004 : Critical evaluation of coupling particle size distribution with the shrinking core model, Chem. Eng. Sci., 59(10), pp.1979-1987.

10.1016/j.ces.2004.01.047
58

Raza, N., Raza, W., Zafar, Z.I., et al., 2016 : Beneficiation of zinc from electric arc furnace dust using hydrometallurgical approach, Russ. J. Appl. Chem., 89(5), pp.836-845.

10.1134/S1070427216050244
59

Huang, B., Yan, W., Zhou, Z., 2017 : Study on kinetics of acid leaching of zinc ferrite and leaching of zinc ferrite waste material, Metall. Eng., 4(1), pp.61-69.

10.12677/MEng.2017.41009
60

Yang, J., Li, Y., Zhu, P., et al., 2026 : Study on leaching factors and kinetics of zinc ferrite in sulfuric acid, J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 3197, pp.012037-012043.

10.1088/1742-6596/3197/1/012037
61

Sminčáková, E., Trpčevská, J., Pirošková, J., 2017 : Kinetic aspects of leaching zinc from waste galvanizing zinc by using hydrochloric acid solutions, JOM, 69(10), pp.1869-1875.

10.1007/s11837-016-2125-5
62

Lee, S.H., Kwon, O., Yoo, K., et al., 2015 : Removal of Zn from contaminated sediment by FeCl3 in HCl solution, Metals, 5(4), pp.1812-1820.

10.3390/met5041812
63

Kim, H.S., Kim, D.W., Jin, Y.H., 2026 : Selective separation of zinc and iron and analysis of iron leaching behavior in the oxalic acid leaching of zinc ferrite powder, Resour. Recycl., on review.

64

Wei, J., Pei, Q., Xia, H., et al., 2025 : Unlocking zinc ferrite via DFT-revealed mechanisms: synergistic ultrasound-tartaric acid leaching for critical metal recovery, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., pp.118700-118716.

10.1016/j.jece.2025.118700
Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Institute of Resources Recycling
  • Publisher(Ko) :한국자원리싸이클링학회
  • Journal Title :Resources Recycling
  • Journal Title(Ko) :자원리싸이클링
  • Volume : 35
  • No :5
  • Pages :25-48
  • Received Date : 2026-08-04
  • Revised Date : 2026-09-09; 2026-09-30
  • Accepted Date : 2026-10-06
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7844/kirr.2026.35.5.25
Journal Informaiton Resources Recycling Resources Recycling
E-Book
Online Submission
Archives
: Archives
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • crossref crossmark
  • crossref cited-by
  • KCI 문헌 유사도 검사
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close